Knowledge Base Repository
In addition to research papers, the Design Society is developing several valuable resources for those interested in the study of design. These include a repository of PhD theses, a library of case studies and transcripts of design activities, and an archive of our newsletters. Please note that these resources are accessible exclusively to Design Society members.
Unity in Variety: A Gestalt-Principle-Based Framework for Aesthetic Evaluation of Topology-Optimized Parts
Ruf, Tim; Witzgall, Christian; Wartzack, Sandro
Type:
Year:
2026
Editor:
Paetzold-Byhain, K.; Krause, D.; Wartzack, S. and Koch, A.
Author:
Series:
DfX
Institution:
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
Page(s):
021-030
DOI number:
Abstract:
Topology optimization produces visually complex, organic structures increasingly used as visible components in technical products. Once visible, parts are not only judged by functional performance but also by appearance. This paper presents a framework for quantitative description of aesthetic properties of topology-optimized part-geometries based on the Gestalt principles of similarity, continuity and symmetry. Geometric features are identified for each principle and mapped to perceptual properties, enabling indirect operationalization of aesthetic quality. Application to three examples shows, that maximum compliance with individual principles does not guarantee a convincing impression. A balanced interplay of order and complexity, in the sense of Unity in Variety, proves decisive.
Keywords:
